How Do Solar Panels Work?

From daylight to electricity

Solar panels are made of photovoltaic (PV) cells. When daylight hits them, it knocks electrons loose and creates a direct current (DC). Crucially, panels run on daylight, not heat — which is why they work perfectly well in the UK, and even on overcast days.

The inverter

Your home runs on alternating current (AC), so an inverter converts the DC electricity from the panels into usable AC. The inverter is a key component — ask what type is quoted and what warranty it carries.

Using, storing and exporting

Electricity generated is used in your home first. Any surplus either charges a battery (if you have one) or is exported to the grid, where you can be paid for it under the Smart Export Guarantee. When your panels are not generating enough — at night, for example — you simply draw from the grid as normal.

Do they need much maintenance?

Very little. Panels have no moving parts. Occasional cleaning and periodic checks are usually all that is needed — see our maintenance guide.

This article is general information. Costs and savings vary by property, energy use and tariff.